Urinary Incontinence can arise from 4 documented medical conditions. Understanding the clinical context helps identify urgent causes early.
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
Normal pressure hydrocephalus presents with the classic triad of gait disturbance, urinary incontinence, and cognitive decline in older adults. It is caused by abnormal CSF accumulation and can be treated with ventricular shunting.
Transverse Myelitis
Transverse myelitis is inflammation across both sides of the spinal cord, causing weakness, sensory changes, and bladder dysfunction below the level of inflammation. It can be idiopathic or associated with multiple sclerosis or neuromyelitis optica.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
BPH is non-malignant enlargement of the prostate gland causing lower urinary tract symptoms including weak stream, frequency, urgency, and nocturia. It is nearly universal in men over 80; alpha-blockers and 5-alpha reductase inhibitors are first-line treatments.
Overactive Bladder
Overactive bladder is characterized by urinary urgency with or without urge incontinence, increased daytime frequency, and nocturia. It affects up to 16% of adults.
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