Mood Swings: Clinical Meaning

Cushing's Syndrome

Cushing's syndrome results from prolonged exposure to high cortisol levels, causing central obesity, moon face, buffalo hump, skin thinning, and hypertension. The most common cause is exogenous corticosteroid use; endogenous causes include pituitary or adrenal tumors.

Testosterone Deficiency (Low T)

Testosterone deficiency (hypogonadism) in men causes fatigue, decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, mood changes, and loss of muscle mass. Causes include aging, pituitary disorders, and testicular disease; hormone replacement therapy is the primary treatment.

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder involves episodes of mania (elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, impulsivity) alternating with depression. It affects approximately 2.4% of the global population; mood stabilizers (lithium, valproate) are the primary pharmacological treatment.

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

BPD is characterized by unstable interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, with intense fear of abandonment and impulsive behaviors. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is the evidence-based treatment of choice.

Substance Use Disorder

Substance use disorder involves compulsive use of substances despite harmful consequences, including alcohol, opioids, stimulants, and cannabis. It is a chronic brain disorder; treatment includes behavioral therapies, medications (methadone, naltrexone, buprenorphine), and support groups.

Premature Ovarian Insufficiency

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is loss of normal ovarian function before age 40, causing infertility, irregular or absent periods, hot flashes, and accelerated bone loss. Hormone replacement therapy is recommended until the natural age of menopause.

Menopause

Menopause marks the end of menstrual cycles after 12 consecutive months without a period, typically in women's late 40s to early 50s. Significant hormonal changes cause wide-ranging symptoms.

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

PMS encompasses physical and emotional symptoms occurring before menstruation, resolving with the onset of the period. It affects up to 75% of menstruating women to some degree.

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

PMDD is a severe form of PMS causing marked emotional and physical symptoms in the week before menstruation. It significantly impairs daily functioning and responds to hormonal and psychiatric treatments.

Post-Concussion Syndrome

Post-concussion syndrome occurs when concussion symptoms last beyond the expected recovery period. Symptoms can persist for months or even years and require multidisciplinary management.