Leg Pain: Clinical Meaning

Peripheral Artery Disease

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is caused by atherosclerosis narrowing the arteries supplying the legs, causing claudication (leg pain with walking), poor wound healing, and increased cardiovascular risk.

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

Deep vein thrombosis is a blood clot forming in a deep vein, usually in the legs, causing swelling, pain, and redness. The greatest danger is pulmonary embolism if the clot breaks off and travels to the lungs.

Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaques (cholesterol, fat, calcium) inside artery walls, progressively narrowing the vessel lumen. It is the underlying cause of most heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral artery disease.

Sciatica

Sciatica refers to pain radiating along the sciatic nerve from the lower back through the hip and down the leg, typically caused by a herniated disc or spinal stenosis compressing the nerve root. Most cases resolve with conservative treatment.

Restless Legs Syndrome

Restless legs syndrome causes uncomfortable sensations in the legs and an irresistible urge to move them, especially at night. It significantly disrupts sleep; iron deficiency and dopamine dysregulation are implicated in the pathophysiology.

Antiphospholipid Syndrome

Antiphospholipid syndrome is an autoimmune disorder causing abnormal blood clotting, leading to deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, strokes, and recurrent miscarriages. Lifelong anticoagulation is the primary treatment.

Cauda Equina Syndrome

Cauda equina syndrome is a serious neurological emergency caused by compression of the cauda equina nerve roots in the lower lumbar spine. It presents with severe low back pain, saddle anaesthesia, progressive leg weakness, and loss of bladder or bowel control, requiring emergency surgical decompression.