Depressed Mood: Clinical Meaning

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormone. This slows metabolism and causes fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, and depression. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is the most common cause.

Depression

Depression is a common and serious mood disorder causing persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities. It affects how a person thinks, feels, and handles daily activities. Effective treatments include therapy and medication.

Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia — a progressive neurological disorder that destroys memory and other cognitive functions. It typically begins with mild memory loss and progresses to severe cognitive impairment.

Hyperparathyroidism

Primary hyperparathyroidism is caused by overactive parathyroid glands producing excess PTH, leading to hypercalcemia, bone loss, kidney stones, and GI symptoms. Most cases are caused by a benign parathyroid adenoma.

Vitamin D Deficiency

Vitamin D deficiency impairs calcium absorption and bone mineralization, causing bone pain, muscle weakness, fatigue, and increased fracture risk. It is extremely common globally due to limited sun exposure and dietary insufficiency.

Burnout Syndrome

Burnout is a state of chronic stress leading to physical and emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and feelings of ineffectiveness. The WHO recognizes it as an occupational phenomenon.

Vitamin B12 Deficiency

Vitamin B12 deficiency is essential for nerve function, red blood cell formation, and DNA synthesis. Particularly common in older adults, vegetarians, and those with GI disorders.

Iodine Deficiency

Iodine deficiency is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disability worldwide. The thyroid requires iodine to produce hormones; deficiency leads to hypothyroidism and goiter.

Adrenal Insufficiency

Adrenal insufficiency occurs when adrenal glands fail to produce sufficient cortisol. Primary (Addison's disease) is from adrenal damage; secondary is from pituitary or hypothalamic dysfunction.

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

PMDD is a severe form of PMS causing marked emotional and physical symptoms in the week before menstruation. It significantly impairs daily functioning and responds to hormonal and psychiatric treatments.